A camel stands from 1.8 to just over
2 metres tall at the shoulders, and weighs from 250 to 680 kilograms. Its rope
like tail is over 50 centimetres long. Camels seem larger than they are because
of their thick, woolly fur, which may be all shades of brown, from nearly white
to almost black. An Arabian camel's fur is short and helps protect its body
from the heat. A Bactrian camel's fur is longer. It may grow about 25
centimetres long on the animal's head, neck, and humps.
All camels
lose their fur in spring and grow a new coat. A camel looks sleek and slender
for several weeks after losing its coat, but a thick coat of new fur grows by
autumn.
Camels have
callus like bare spots on their chests and on their leg joints. These spots
look as though the hair has been rubbed off, but they are natural and not signs
of wear. Even young camels have them. Thick, leathery skin grows there and
becomes tough when the animal is about five months old.
A camel has
large eyes on the sides of its head. Each eye is protected by long, curly
eyelashes that keep out sand. In the daytime, when the sun is high, the eyes do
not allow excessive light in. Glands supply the eyes with a great deal of water
to keep them moist. Thick eyebrows shield the eyes from the desert sun.
The camel's
small, rounded ears are located far back on its head. The ears are covered with
hair, even on the inside. The hair helps keep out sand or dust that might blow
into the animal's ears. A camel can hear well, but, like the donkey, it often
pays no attention when given a command.
The camel
has a large mouth and 34 strong, sharp teeth. It can use the teeth as weapons.
A camel owner may cover the animal's mouth with a muzzle to keep it from
biting. A working camel cannot wear a bit and bridle, as a horse does, because
its mouth must be free to chew cud (regurgitated food). Instead, a rope for
leading the animal is fastened through a hole near the camel's nose.
The hump of
a camel is mostly a lump of fat. Bands of strong tissue hold pads of fat
together, forming the hump above the backbone. The hump of a healthy, well-fed
camel may weigh 35 kilograms or more.
Most kinds
of animals store fat in their bodies, but only camels keep most of their fat in
a hump. If food is hard to find, the fat in the hump provides energy for the
animal. If a camel is starving, its hump shrinks. The hump may even slip off
the animal's back and hang down on its side. After the camel has had a few
weeks' rest and food, its hump becomes firm and plump again. The hump is not a
storage place for water, as many people believe.
Camels have
long, strong legs. Powerful muscles in the upper part of the legs allow the
animals to carry heavy loads for long distances. A camel can carry as much as
450 kilograms, but the usual load weighs about 150 kilograms. While working,
the animals typically travel about 40 kilometres a day, at a speed of 5
kilometres an hour.
Camels
usually walk, especially if it is hot, but when they must go faster they either
gallop or pace. The pace is a medium-speed movement in which both legs on the
same side rise and fall together. This leg action produces a swaying, rocking
motion that makes some riders "seasick." Camels are sometimes called "ships
of the desert."
The tough,
leathery skin pads on a camel's legs act as cushions when the animal kneels to
rest. The camel bends its front legs and drops to its knees. Then it folds its
hind legs and sinks to the ground. To get up, the camel straightens its hind legs
and then jerks up its front legs. A camel can lie down and get up again even
with a heavy load on its back.
Camels have
two toes on each foot. A hoof that looks like a toenail grows at the front of
each toe. Cows, horses, and many other animals walk on their hoofs. But a camel
walks on a broad pad that connects its two long toes. This cushion like pad
spreads when the camel places its foot on the ground. The pad supports the
animal on loose sand in much the same way that a snowshoe helps a person walk on
snow. The camel's cushioned feet make almost no sound when the animal walks or
runs.
Camels
are native to the deserts of Asia and North Africa. Two kinds of desert camels
are dromedaries and Bactrians. Dromedaries have one hump and are best adapted
for hot deserts. Bactrian camels, which have two humps, have adaptations for
living in a cold desert. Most camels aredomesticated, meaning
they have been tamed so they can be used by humans. But a few Bactrian camels
live in the wild in the remote grasslands of Mongolia, and some dromedaries
that were taken to Australia now live wild in the outback. Domestic dromedaries
are found mainly in the hot deserts of North Africa and Asia. Bactrian camels
are mainly found in the cold, rocky Gobi desert in Asia.
Camels
are the only animals that can carry heavy loads from place to place in the
desert because they can go for long periods without eating or drinking water. A
camel's hump doesn't carry water, as some believe. Instead the hump is filled
with fat, which is a built-in food supply. This fat provides energy and water
for the animal when food and water are scarce. When the fat is used up, the
hump slumps over, but with rest and food the hump fills with fat and stands
upright again.
Camels
can go for weeks without a drink because they get some moisture from the food
they eat and have stored as fat, and because their bodies have ways to prevent
water loss. One physical adaptation a camel has for keeping water inside its
body is a cavity in the camel's head. Dry air that the camel breathes in mixes
with moisture in the cavity before moving through the camel's body, and
moisture from the camel's breath is left in the cavity when the camel exhales.
When thirsty camels do drink, they can gulp down large amounts. Some drink as
much as 35 gallons (140 liters) of water at a time. Camels like clean water and
may even turn down dirty water. So camels often get the first clean water drawn
from a well while the thirsty people wait until the camels are finished before
they drink.
A short
thick layer of fur protects camels from high daytime temperatures and prevents
heat from escaping quickly when temperatures drop at night. Bactrian camels
live in areas that get very cold in the winter, and their thick, shaggy, winter
coats keep them warm. These heavy coats are shed during the hot summer months
so the camels do not overheat.
Other
physical adaptations that allow camels to survive in the desert include long
eyelashes to protect their eyes from sunlight and blowing sand. Their eyes also
have an extra thin eyelid that the camel can see through. Their extra eyelids
can be closed during a sandstorm to protect their eyes. Camels can also shut
their nostrils to keep sand out of their noses, and they also have large padded
hoofs that help them walk on the sand.
A
camel's behavior also helps it survive in the desert. On extremely hot days, a
camel stays as cool as possible by resting. A camel will lie down in any
available shady place or directly face the sun so that only a small part of its
body receives the sun's rays. Because their body temperatures may be lower than
the air temperature, a group of camels may lie down with their bodies pressed
together. Camels usually walk slowly, at a speed of about 3 miles per hour (5
km per hour), to keep from overheating. They walk by moving both legs on the
same side together. This leg action produces a swaying, rocking motion much
like that of a ship on water. Camels are sometimes called "ships of the
desert."
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